|
The United States federal earned income tax credit or earned income credit (EITC or EIC) is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children. The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient’s income and number of children. For a person or couple to claim one or more persons as their qualifying child, requirements such as relationship, age, and shared residency must be met. In the 2013 tax year, working families, if they have children, with annual incomes below $37,870 to $51,567 (depending on the number of dependent children) may be eligible for the federal EITC. Childless workers that have incomes below about $14,340 ($19,680 for a married couple) can receive a very small EITC benefit. U.S. tax forms 1040EZ, 1040A, or 1040 can be used to claim EITC without qualifying children. To claim the credit with qualifying children, forms 1040A or 1040 must be used along with Schedule EITC attached.〔EITC IRS instructions ( Internal Revenue Service, "EITC Home Page--It’s easier than ever to find out if you qualify for EITC" )〕 EIC phases in slowly, has a medium-length plateau, and then phases out more slowly than it was phased in. Since the credit phases out at 21% (more than one qualifying child) or 16% (one qualifying child), it is always preferable to have one more dollar of actual salary or wages (although technically, since the EIC table moves by fifty-dollar increments, it is always preferable to have an extra fifty-dollar increment of salary or wages) considering the EITC alone. (If EITC is combined with multiple other means-tested programs such as Medicaid or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, it is possible that the marginal tax rate approaches or exceeds 100% in rare circumstances depending on the state of residence; conversely, under certain circumstances, net income can rise faster than the increase in wages because the EITC phases in.〔http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/UploadedPDF/412722-How-marginal-Tax-Rates-Affect-Families.pdf〕) For tax year 2013, the maximum EITC benefit for a single person or couple filing without qualifying children is $487. The maximum EITC with one qualifying child is $3,250, with two children, it is $5,372, and with three or more qualifying children, it is $6,044.〔(1040 Instructions 2010 ), rules for EITC pages 45–48, optional worksheets pages 49–51, and the EITC Table itself on pages 52–68. The only required attachment is Schedule EITC if you are claiming one or more qualifying children.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.taxcreditsforworkingfamilies.org/earned-income-tax-credit/ )〕〔And for tax year 2010, also see (Preview 2010 EITC Income Limits, Maximum EITC Amount and the EITC-related Tax Law Changes. ), IRS, Page Last Reviewed or Updated: December 04, 2009. The new category of three or more qualifying children applies to tax years 2009 and 2010.〕 These amounts are indexed annually for inflation. On December 4, 2014,'' The Atlantic'' reported that the EITC will reduce revenue to the federal government by about $70 billion in 2015.〔http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/12/the-cost-of-amnesty-obama-executive-order-earned-income-tax-credit/383405/〕 The earned income tax credit has been part of political debates in the United States regarding whether raising the minimum wage or increasing EITC is a better idea.〔http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/01/christie_rejects_minimum_wage.html〕〔http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/business/the-minimum-wage-employment-and-income-distribution.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0〕〔http://epionline.org/oped/the-9-minimum-wage-that-already-exists/〕 ==Overview== Enacted in 1975, the initially modest EIC has been expanded by tax legislation on a number of occasions, including the widely-publicized Tax Reform Act of 1986, and was further expanded in 1990, 1993, 2001, and 2009, regardless of whether the act in general raised taxes (1990, 1993), lowered taxes (2001), or eliminated other deductions and credits (1986).〔(Earned Income Tax Credit Parameters 1975–2010 ), at the Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute and Brookings Institution, 27 Oct. 2009. See footnote for the increases in the travel distance, but not the credit amount, for Married Filling Jointly for the years 2002 through 2010. For example, in 2010, the plateaus for MFJ extend $5,000 further than do the corresponding plateaus for Single, Head of Household, Qualifying Widow(er). For all filing statuses, the phase out for EIC with one child is 16% (15.98%), and the phaseout for two children and for three or more children is 21% (21.06%). Single, Head of Household, and Qualifying Widow(er) are all equally valid, equally advantageous filing statuses for the purposes of Earned Income Credit. Married filing Jointly can sometimes be more advantageous depending on the income level.〕 Today, the EITC is one of the largest anti-poverty tools in the United States. Most income measures, including the poverty rate, do not account for the credit.〔(Alternative Measures of Income, U.S. Census Bureau )〕 A qualifying child can be a person's daughter, son, stepchild, or any further descendant (such as grandchild, great grandchild, etc.) or a person's brother, sister, half sister, half brother, stepbrother, stepsister, or any further descendant (such as niece, nephew, great-nephew, great-great-niece, etc.). A qualifying child can also be in the process of being adopted provided he or she has been lawfully placed, as well as an unrelated foster child who has been officially placed. Foster children also count provided either the child has been officially placed or is a member of one’s extended family. A younger single parent cannot claim EIC if he or she is also claimable as a qualifying child of their parent or another older relative, which can happen in some extended family situations. This restriction does not apply to a married couple who is claiming EIC with a child, even if one or both spouses are under the age of 19. A person claiming EIC must be older than his or her qualifying child unless the “child” is classified as "permanently and totally disabled" for the tax year (physician states one year or more). A qualifying “child” can be up to and including age 18. A qualifying “child” who is a full-time student (one long semester or equivalent) can be up to and including age 23. And a person classified as "permanently and totally disabled" (one year or more) can be any age and count as one’s qualifying “child” provided the other requirements are met. Parents claim their own child(ren) if eligible unless they are waiving this year's credit to an extended family member who has higher adjusted gross income. There is no support test for EIC. There is a six-month plus one day shared residency test.〔〔 In the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the EIC was temporarily expanded for two specific groups: married couples and families with three or more children; this expansion was extended through December 2012 by H.R. 4853, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Effective for the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 filing seasons, the EIC supported these taxpayers by: *Increasing benefits for larger families by creating a new category or “third tier” of the EIC for families with three or more children. In this tier, the credit phases in at 45 percent of income (up from 40 percent), effectively increasing the maximum credit for these families by almost $600. *Increasing marriage penalty relief by raising the income threshold at which the EIC begins to phase out for married couples to $5,000 above the amount for unmarried filers, thereby giving MFJ filers a longer plateau. The combined plateau and phase-out range for married filing jointly is still not double that for single filers, and thus there still is a marriage penalty, just less than there used to be.〔 Other countries with programs similar to the EITC include the United Kingdom (see: working tax credit), Canada, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, France and the Netherlands. In some cases, these credits are small. For example, the maximum EITC in Finland is €290. Sweden has a medium credit with the maximum slightly above 21 000 Swedish kronor or about $3000 US. The "jobbskatteavdrag" was introduced in 2006 and expanded in consecutive steps 2007–2010. Others are larger than the U.S. credit, such as the UK's working tax credit, which is worth up to £7782. As of early 2012, 26 states have enacted state EITCs: Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.taxcreditsforworkingfamilies.org/earned-income-tax-credit/states-with-eitcs/ )〕 Some of these state EICs are refundable, and some are not. In addition, a few small local EICs have been enacted in San Francisco, New York City, and Montgomery County, Maryland. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「earned income tax credit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|